Marxwaad: Kahan Se Aaya, Kahan Gaya?

Marx ne bade-bade thinkers ke ideas ko ikhatta kiya aur unhe scientific foundation par khada kar diya. Humein dekhna padta hai ki Marx par kin-kin ka asar pada aur unhone kaise un ideas ko apne darshan mein samil kiya.

1. Philosophy Par Hegel Ka Asar

Log kehte hain ki Marx jab shuru mein college mein the, toh woh Hegel se bahut zyada asar mein the. Kuch communists toh unhe “bachcha” aur “immature” (bachkana) tak kehte hain, isliye unki us samay ki philosophy ko maante nahi. Par hum jante hain ki Marx ki shuruati philosophy, jise ‘Early Marxism’ kehte hain, us par Hegel ka bahut gehra asar hai. Iska saboot unki kitaab “Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts” mein milta hai.

Marx ka sabse bada credit yeh hai ki unhone philosophy ko samajh-shastra (social system) mein badal diya. Jahan pehle log brahm aur unchi-unchi baatein karte the, Marx ne kaha ki yeh sab sirf kalpana hai. Unhone philosophy ko society aur uske problems ki taraf mod diya.

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2. Politics Par Kiska Asar?

Marx ke kaam ka bada hissa politics par based hai. Un par kai political thinkers ka asar pada, khaaskar:

• Hobbes: Hobbes ne social contract aur dictatorship (ek vyakti ka shasan) ki baat ki thi. Marx ne Hobbes se dictatorship ka concept liya, par usme badlav kiye. Hobbes ki ek insaan ki dictatorship ko Marx ne galat mana. Kyunki, jiske paas poori takat aa jaati hai, woh bhrasht (corrupt) ho jata hai. Woh toh Machiavelli ki baat bhi karte hain, ki jo kanoon banata hai, us par kanoon lagu nahi hota.
  
  • Marx ne kaha, “Takat bhrasht karti hai, aur poori takat poori tarah bhrasht karti hai.”
    
• Aristotle: Aristotle ne democracy ko “nichle logon ka shasan” kaha tha. Marx bhi democracy ko nahi maante the. Woh kehte the ki elections mein ghatiya log hi jeetenge, kyunki achhe log gaali-galoch aur ganda prachar nahi kar sakte.
• Rousseau: Rousseau ne nature aur uski primacy par zor diya. Marx ne unse bhi kuch ideas liye.

Marx ne dictatorship ko zaroori mana, par woh ek insaan ki nahi, balki ‘proletariat’ ki dictatorshipchahte the. ‘Proletariat’ ka matlab hai mazdoor ya shramik varg. Unka manna tha ki jab mazdoor varg ka shasan aayega, tab koi bhi samaaj ka paisa hadap nahi payega.

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3. Economics Par Kiska Asar?

Marx ke darshan ka sabse bada aadhaar economics hai. Unka manna tha ki samaaj mein jitni bhi na-insafi (injustice) hai, uski wajah economic inequality (paise ki barabari na hona) hai. Un par do bade economists ka gehra asar pada:

• Ricardo
• Adam Smith: Adam Smith ki kitaab “Wealth of Nations” economics ki ek classic hai. Par Marx ne iski aalochna (criticism) ki, kyunki yeh ek purely capitalist system par based thi.
• Mill: Mill ne ‘Laissez-faire’ system ki baat ki thi, jahan har insaan ko aazad chhod diya jata hai ki woh kitna bhi paisa kamaye. Is system mein, jo chalaak aur taqatwar the, unhone saare resources ikhatta kar liye, aur gareeb log aur bhi kamzor ho gaye. Jaise, koi dukaanwala doosre ko fail karne ke liye ghate mein maal bechta hai. Marx ne dekha ki is system ne mazdooron ka bahut nuksan kiya.

Marx ne in logon ke ideas ko toda aur kaha ki samaajik insaaf bina economic equality ke ho hi nahi sakta. Unhone mazdoor-aadhaarit (labor-based) economics banane par zor diya aur Mill ke Laissez-faire system mein sudhaar ke liye dictatorship zaroori samjhi. Isliye Marx ko Scientific Socialism ka pita mana jata hai, kyunki unhone socialism ko scientific aur economic foundations par khada kiya.

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4. Socialism Aur Religion Par Asar

Marx ne dekha ki socialism ki baat pehle bhi ho chuki thi, jaise Saint-Simon ne. Par unka socialism dharma (religion) par based tha. Marx ne aise religious socialism ko nakar diya.

• Marx aur unke chele religion ke bilkul khilaaf the. Woh kehte the ki religion logon ko dhoka deta hai. Jaise, Bible mein likha hai ki “Dhanya hain woh jo gareeb hain, kyunki swarg ka rajya unhi ko milega.”
  
  • Marx ke chele is par sawal uthate hain: “Agar gareeb hona achha hai, toh tum khud gareeb kyun nahi ban jaate? Apni daulat kyun nahi baant dete?”
    
• Bible mein yeh bhi likha hai ki “ek oont sui ke naake se nikal sakta hai, par ek ameer aadmi swarg ke darwaze se nahi guzar sakta.” Is par bhi Marxists kehte hain, “Toh phir apni daulat chhod do agar swarg mein jaana hai.”

Marx ne kaha ki agar socialism ko dharmik aadhaaron par khada karoge, toh logon ki aankhon mein dhool jhonkoge. Yeh sab baatein sirf logon ko bahlane ke liye hain. Jaise, sab kehte hain “pita ji swarg chale gaye,” par koi nahi kehta “narak gaye.”

Marx ne in chaaron bade sources (Hegel ki philosophy, Hobbes, Aristotle, Rousseau ki politics, Ricardo, Adam Smith, Mill ki economics, aur Saint-Simon ka socialism) ko ikhatta karke scientific socialism ka ek naya roop diya.